WELCOME TO NEPAL

Nepal is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of bio-diversity due to its unique geographical position and latitudinal variation. The elevation of the country ranges from 60m above sea level to the highest point of earth, Mt. Everest at 8848m, all within a distance of 150 km with climatic conditions ranging from sub-tropical to arctic. This wild variation fosters an incredible variety of ecosystem, the greatest mountan range on earth, thick tropical jungles teeming with of wildlife, thundering rivers, forested hills and frozen valleys.
Namaste and Welcome to Nepal! To many visitors, this Himalayan country conjures up the images of snow-capped mountains and rolling green hills. Indeed, out of ten tallest mountains of the world, eight stand in Nepal, making Nepal a mountaineer’s dream.
Nepal , a small country with an area of approximately 147181 sq kms is diverse geographically as well as ethnically with more than 61 ethnic groups and 70 spoken languages. You will find varied rich cultures and vibrant traditions, exquisite temples and monuments as well as fast flowing rivers and tropical jungles teeming with wildlife, making your trip an unforgettable experience. It is a multicultural, ethnic and multi-lingual country. However, all the people from different races and religions live in harmony and there is an ideal blending of Hinduism and Buddhism.
But Nepal has much more to offer than just the high breathtaking Himalayas. Matching the steps with the world at large, Nepal has made a great leap in attaining the world class milestones in every facet of societal life—be it political, economic, education, information-technology or social welfare.
Nepal is now a secular Federal Democratic Republic abandoning the years long legacy of being the only Hindu Kingdom in the world. The Constituent Assembly election held on 10 April, 2008 marked the beginning of the new era for Nepal in the 21st century world. The democratically elected new government is well poised to bring new and prosperous Nepal eliminating all kinds of social injustice and inequality.
After the political revolution, country now focuses on brining economic revolution that will uplift the country and people herein from the centuries old deprivation and poverty. Nation has supported the mission set by Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) to raise the monthly income of each individual up to Rs.12000 per month. Government has also declared to create business environment that is conducive to doing good business in Nepal and that encourage Foreign Direct Investment in immensely potential sectors like infrastructure, hydropower, forestry (Herb Processing), petroleum and mineral resources. Nepal, the country with the second largest water resource in the world, contains opportunities for investing in Hydropower with capacity to produce more than 80000 MW units. As Nepal is already a member of the World Trade Organization, it needs reconstruction of the industrial sector so as to bring out products that can compete in the international market, at the same time making it cheaper.
Following the example of its neighbors India and China, Nepal is attempting to transform itself into an information technology (IT) hub. The Nepalese government and local companies hope to encourage IT business, promote the use of digital technologies and reduce the digital divide between urban and rural areas. The attempt by Mr. Mahabir Pun, Magsaysay Awardee for Community Leadership from Western Nepal near Pokhara, a tourist hub popular for Annapurna trekking circuit, has created a network of several villages using the wireless Wi-Fi technology. Understanding the power of Information, and the new innovations in internet technology and the wireless communication, Pun has changed the lives of many villagers in communities living in isolation all across the spectacular and yet rugged terrains of the Himalayas. It is also important to note that his work on informational technology has become an effective tool to improve health protection and services, increase children's enrollments in schools, spread public health education and awareness, enhance job skill trainings, and promote green micro investments.
In Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, a patient with a blind eye from a corneal scar can have sight-restoring corneal transplantation as easily as in San Francisco — for free if the person is too poor to pay. The corneal tissue is fresh and of high quality, often better than what is available to patients in the United States. Dr Sanduk Ruit was born in a small village not far from the Tibetan border in a family of caravan traders. His father stretched the family funds to send him to primary and secondary school in Darjeeling, a rugged 9-day journey on foot across the high pass at the Indian border. He trained at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Delhi, completed ophthalmology residency, and learned corneal transplantation surgery in Australia and Amsterdam. In 1996, he established the Nepal Eye Bank, which, as in western countries, was set up in a hospital— Tilganga Eye Hospital. Dr. Ruit was awarded with Magsaysay prize for International Peace and Understanding.
In educational sector also, Nepal is slowly growing in prominence in subjects like Medicinal, Management and Engineering Studies. This is the result of the quality education that these various institutions provide, Nepalese students have now marked their presence in world arena. More than dozens students have figured in the top of the lists in Cambridge University’s A level examination. Similarly, students from Tribhuvan University, Department of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, made the first indigenous aircraft in Nepal.
Nepal is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of biodiversity due to its altitude variation and geographical position. The country lies 60 meters above sea level. The main diverse feature about Nepal is its incredible variety of ecosystem, thick tropical jungles, teaming wildlife, greatest mountain range, forested hills and frozen valleys. Its spectacular geography is one of the richest cultural landscape, which offers an astonishing diversity of sightseeing attractions and adventure opportunities, which are found no where on earth.
All about Nepal’s Geography is that it is divided into three physiographic areas- Terai region, Mountain hill, and Siwalik region. There are five climatic zones that corresponds to the altitude- the tropical zone, cold zone, Arctic zone, temperate zone and subarctic zone. The annual calendar is divided into five seasons- summers, winters, spring, monsoon and autumn. Due to presence of Mount Everest and some other challenging mountains in the world, Nepal is a hot spot of mountaineering. Many travelers with the intention of adventure or climbing visit the place to explore several of its sightseeing.
The ranges of mountains in Nepal are captured by high peaks, gorgeous hills, natural parks, and lakes.
QUICK FACTS
For the ease of tourists, here are some facts about Nepal that has met increased number of tourist form all around the world. These fun facts about Nepal add fun to the life of travelers and provide some sort of knowledge to travelers before they would actually visit the place. Some of such interesting facts about Nepal are discussed below:-

Region: South Asia
Geography: Situated between China in the north and India in the South
Location: Latitude: 2612' to 3027' North Longitude:804' to 8812' East
Capital: Kathmandu
Language: Nepali (official) & 20 other languages divided into numerous dialects. Derived from Sanskrit, Nepali is related to the Indian language, Hindi, and is spoken by about 90 percent of the population in either native or second language fluency. Many Nepalese in government and business also speak English.
Time Zone: 5 hrs 45 min ahead of GMT
Currency: 1 Nepalese Rupee (NR) divided into 100 paise Exchange Rate: 74.5 NR = 1 US Dollar
International Calling Code: 977 + city codes (Kathmandu 1, Pokhara 61)
National Bird: Danphe
Area Total: 140,800 km2
Population: 23,200,000 (2001 census)
Electricity: 220 volts AC, 50Hz.
SPECIAL OF NEPAL
Nepal--occupying only 0.1 percent of the total landmass of the earth – is home to:
• 2% of all the flowering plants in the world
• 8% of the world's population of birds (more than 848 species);
• 4% of mammals on earth
• 11 of the world's 15 families of butterflies (more than 500 species)
• 600 indigenous plant families
• 319 species of exotic orchids.

Nepal's History

The recorded history of Nepal is centered on the Kathmandu valley and begins with the Kirantis who are said to have ruled for many centuries beginning from the 7th or 8th Century B.C. with their famous King Yalumber who is even mentioned in the epic, ‘Mahabharata’. The Gopalas who were herdsmen are believed to have ruled before the Kirantis but little is known about them. Their descendants are said to still live at the edge of the valley. Around 300 A.D. the Lichavis arrived from northern India and overthrew the Kirantis. The descendants of the Kirantis are the Rais and Limbus who predominate in eastern Nepal. One of the legacies of the Lichavis is the fabulous Changu Narayan Temple near Bhaktapur which dates back to the 5th Century. In early 7th Century, Amshuvarman, the first Thakuri king took over the throne from his father-in-law who was a Lichavi. He married off his daughter Bhrikuti to the famous Tibetan King Tsong Tsen Gampo thus establishing good relations with Tibet. Bhrikuti went on to convert the king to Buddhism. The Lichavis brought art and architecture to the valley but the golden age of creativity arrived with the Mallas who came to power around 1200 A.D.
During their 550 year rule, the Mallas built an amazing number of temples and splendid palaces with picturesque squares that are lined with architecturally beautiful temples. It was also during their rule that society and the cities became well organized, religious festivals were introduced and literature, music and art were encouraged. Sadly after the death of Yaksha Malla, the valley was divided into three kingdoms: Kathmandu (Kantipur), Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon) and Patan (Lalitpur). The rivalry among these kingdoms led to the building of grand palaces and the uplifting of the arts and culture. Around this time, the Nepal as we know it today was divided into about 46 independent principalities. One among these was the kingdom of Gorkha with a Shah king in power. Much of Kathmandu valley’s history around this time was recorded by Capuchin friars who lived here on their way in and out of Tibet.
Nepal, as a state, was established when an ambitious Gorkha king named Prithvi Narayan Shah embarked on a conquering mission that led to the defeat of all the kingdoms in the valley (including Kirtipur which was an independent state) by 1769. Instead of annexing the newly acquired states to his kingdom of Gorkha, Prithvi Narayan decided to move his capital to Kathmandu establishing the Shah dynasty which ruled unified Nepal from 1769 to 2008 when the last Shah ruler, Gyanendra relinquished his power to make way for total democracy under the rule of a Prime Minister.
The history of the Gorkha state goes back to 1559 when Dravya Shah established a kingdom in an area chiefly inhabited by Magars. At this time the Kathmandu valley was ruled by the Malla kings. During the 17th and early 18th centuries, Gorkha continued a slow expansion, conquering various states while forging alliances with others. Prithvi Narayan dedicated himself at an early age to the conquest of the Kathmandu valley. Recognizing the threat of the British Raj in India, he dismissed European missionaries from the country and for more than a century, Nepal remained in isolation.
During the mid-19th century Jung Bahadur Rana became Nepal's first prime minister to wield absolute power relegating the Shah king to a mere figurehead. He started a hereditary reign of the Ranas that lasted for 104 years during which time the Shah kings had no real power. The Ranas were overthrown in a democracy movement of the early 1950s with support from an unlikely person, the monarch of Nepal, King Tribhuvan. Soon after the overthrow of the Ranas, King Tribhuvan was reinstated as the head of the state. In early 1959, Tribhuvan's son King Mahendra issued a new constitution, and the first democratic elections for a national assembly were held. The Nepali Congress Party was victorious and their leader, Bisheshwar Prasad Koirala formed a government and served as prime minister. But by 1960, King Mahendra had changed his mind and dissolved Parliament, dismissing the first democratic government.
After many years of struggle when the political parties were banned, they finally mustered enough courage to start a people's movement in 1990. With the public rising up against absolute monarchy and demanding democracy, the then ruler King Birendra accepted constitutional reforms and established a multiparty parliament with himself as head of state and the prime minister heading the government. In May 1991, Nepal held its first parliamentary elections. In February 1996, one of the Communist parties (Maoist wing) went underground to wage a people's war against monarchy and the elected government.
Then on June 1, 2001, a horrific tragedy wiped out the entire royal family along with many of their close relatives. With only King Birendra’s brother, Gyanendra and his family surviving, he was crowned the king. King Gyanendra tolerated the elected government for only a short while and then dismissed Parliament to grab absolute power. In April 2006, strikes and street protests in Kathmandu led to a 19-day curfew and the political parties joined forces with the Maoist rebels to bring pressure on the monarch. Eventually, King Gyanendra realized it was futile holding on to power and relented. He agreed to reinstate parliament. But the political parties and a majority of the general public had had enough of dynastic rule and their abuse of power. On May 28, 2008, a newly elected Constituent Assembly declared Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic, abolishing the 240 year-old monarchy. Nepal today has a President as Head of State and a Prime Minister heading the Nepal Government.
The first civilizations in Nepal, which flourished around the 6th century B.C., were confined to the fertile Kathmandu Valley where the present-day capital of the same name is located. Nepali rulers' early patronage of Buddhism largely gave way to Hinduism, reflecting the increased influence of India, around the 12th century. Though the successive dynasties of the Gopalas, the Kiratis, and the Licchavis expanded their rule, it was not until the reign of the Malla kings from 1200–1769 that Nepal assumed the approximate dimensions of the modern state.
The kingdom of Nepal was unified in 1768 by King Prithvi Narayan Shah. Under him and his successors Nepal's borders expanded as far west as Kashmir and as far east as Sikkim (now part of India). A commercial treaty was signed with Britain in 1792 and again in 1816 after more than a year of hostilities with the British East India Company.
Between 1846 and 1951, the country was ruled by the Rana family, which had always held the office of prime minister. In 1951, however, the king took over all power and proclaimed a constitutional monarchy. Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah became king in 1955. After Mahendra died of a heart attack in 1972, Prince Birendra, at 26, succeeded him to the throne.
In 1990, a pro-democracy movement forced King Birendra to lift the ban on political parties. The first free election in three decades provided a victory for the liberal Nepali Congress Party in 1991, although the Communists gave a strong showing. The new government drafted and promulgated a new constitution in November 1990, which enshrined fundamental human rights and established Nepal as a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch.
A small but growing Maoist guerrilla movement, seeking to overthrow the constitutional monarchy and install a Communist government, began operating in the countryside in 1996. The year 1996 marked the beginning of a period of instability and conflict. The Maoist insurgency began in three-four mid-western districts but soon spread to almost the entire country.
Following the May 1999 general elections, the Nepali Congress Party once again headed a majority government after winning 113 out of 205 seats. But the pattern of short-lived governments persisted. On June 1, 2001, Crown Prince Dipendra reportedly shot and killed his father King Birendra, his mother Queen Aishwarya, his brother, his sister, his father’s younger brother Prince Dhirendra, and several aunts before turning the gun on himself. After his death two days later, the late King’s surviving brother Gyanendra was proclaimed King
King Gyanendra fired the entire government in Feb. 2005 and assumed direct power citing a steady deterioration of conditions in the country. Many of the country's politicians were placed under house arrest, and severe restriction on civil liberties was placed. In Sept. 2005, the Maoist rebels declared a unilateral cease-fire, which ended in Jan. 2006. In April, massive pro-democracy protests organized by seven opposition parties and supported by the Maoists took place. They rejected King Gyanendra's offer to hand over executive power to a prime minister, saying he failed to address their main demands: the restoration of parliament and a referendum to redraft the constitution. Days later, as pressure mounted and the protests intensified, King Gyanendra agreed to reinstate parliament. The new parliament quickly moved to diminish the king's powers. In May, it voted unanimously to declare Nepal a secular nation and democratic republic country.

Religion

The two major religions practiced in Nepal are Hinduism and Buddhism with a majority of the people being Hindus. The two have co-existed through the ages and many Hindu idols are found within Buddhist shrines. Hindus visit Buddhist shrines and Buddhists visit Hindu temples without a second thought as many worship in both. Some gods and goddesses are shared by Hinduism and Buddhism although they have been given different names. The other religions practiced in Nepal are: Islam, Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism and Bon. Some of the earliest inhabitants like the Kirants practice their own kind of religion based on ancestor worship and the Tharus practice animism. Over the years, Hinduism and Buddhism have been influenced by these practices which have been modified to form a synthesis of newer beliefs.

Nepal was declared a secular country by Parliament on May 18, 2006.

In Nepal, religion permeates every facet of life with festivals, daily rituals, family celebrations and religious observances. At every step one can see temples and shrines, processions and devotional music. Nepal is now a secular nation and is an intricate and beautifully woven tapestry of Hinduism, Buddhism and other faiths living together in tolerance and harmony.
Sites
• Pashupatinath Temple
• Swayambhunath
• Lumbini
• Muktinath
• Gosainkunda
• Devghat
• Manakamana
• Dolakha Bhimsen
• Pathibhara
• Jaleshwar Mahadev
• Swargadwari
• Baglung Kalika

Pashupatinath Temple
Shiva, the destroyer, is historically the god most worshipped in the country. He may be worshipped as the holy ascetic, depicted with his consort Parvati and holding a trident and a small drum or more often in the form of the linga, an elongated stone representing his generative powers. The most important linga is situating in the holy shrine of Pashupatinath to west of Kathmandu. It is the only shrine in the world that shows four faces of lord Shiva. In front of Shiva temples one usually sees a statue of Nandi, the divine bull that serves as Shiva’s vehicle. Another popular form of Shiva in Nepal is the terrifying Bhirav. Different aspects of Bhairav play major roles in many of the Valley’s festivals.
Vishnu, whose primary duty is to ensure the preservation of the world and all living forms, is believed to have visited the earth ten times, each times as a different incarnation or avatar. He is often depicted as a boar, a tortoise, a man-lion and a fish-his four animal incarnations. Throughout South Asia he is most often worshipped in two well-known human forms: Ram the hero of the epic Ramayana and the pastoral god Krishna. In Nepal he is often worshipped in his omnipotent form of Narayan, and some of his most lovely images are seen astride the man-bird Garuda his vehicle.
The archetypal mother or female, goddess is of particular importance in Nepal. She is worshipped in many aspects: as Durga, protector and slayer of the buffalo demon, as Taleju, patron deity of the Valley rulers, and as Kumari, the living virgin goddess. . Other female goddesses include Laxmi, goddess of wealth and Saraswati, goddess of knowladge and arts. Another widely venerated god is elephant-headed Ganesh, the remover of obstacles and the source of good fortune. Other deities such as Red Machhendranath, are special to Nepal alone and are celebrated with unique local festivals.
Swayambhunath
There is a variety of Buddhist practices in Nepal, the Buddhism of the endemic Newar people, perhaps related to the ancient Buddhism that passed out of India one thousand year ago; the Buddhism of the Sherpa, Tamang and Tibetan people and the relatively modern incursion of Theravadin or Southern Buddhism.
The central beliefs and practices date back to the time of its founder, Prince Siddhartha Gautam who was born in Lumbini in the southern Terai in about 534 B.C. Until the age of 29, the young prince led a sheltered life in the palace of his father, completely unaware of the problems and suffering of the world outside his palace wall. One day he convinced his charioteer to take him outside the palace, where he was shocked at the sight of an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic. The realization of the true misery of the world persuaded the prince to abandon his luxurious life and goes into the forests to seek enlightenment to end human suffering. For many years, Gautam practiced asceticism without success. One night beneath a ‘Pepal’ tree in the forest of Bodh Gaya he became enlightened. Henceforth known as Lord Buddha, the ‘enlightened one’ he traveled around northern India and southern Nepal preaching the Middle Path to enlightenment. At the age of eighty he passed into the final enlightenment.
Lumbini
Lumbini, the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautam. The Shakya prince and the ultimate Buddha, the Enlightened One, is the pilgrimage destination of the world’s millions of people faithful to all schools of Buddhism. UNESCO lists this nativity site, identified by Indian Emperor Ashoka’s commemorative pillar as a World Heritage Site.
The main attraction at Lumbini remains the Sacred Garden, which is spread over 8sq km and possesses all the treasures of the historic area. The Mayadevi temple is the main attraction for pilgrims and archaeologists alike. Here we find a bas relief of Mayadevi, Buddha’s mother giving birth to him. Standing west to the Mayadevi shrine is the oldest monument of Nepal, the Ashoka Pillar. Emperor Ashoka erected the pillar in 249BC to commemorate his pilgrimage to the sacred site. To the south of the pillar, we find the sacred pond, Puskarni, where Queen Mayadevi had taken a bath just before giving birth to Lord Buddha.
There are other places of interest too nearby. It is accessible by air from Kathmandu to Bhairawa. From Kathmandu it takes about eight hours by bus or car.
Muktinath

It is believed that all miseries / sorrows are relieved once you visit this temple (Mukti=Nirvana, Nath=God). The famous temple of Lord Muktinath lies in the district of Mustang and is situated about 18km northeast of Jomsom at an altitude of about 3,749m. The main shrine is a pagoda shaped temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Set into the wall around it are 108 waterspouts from which pour holy water. The temple is situated on a high mountain range and is visited only during fair weather. There are two ways to get to Muktinath from Kathmandu. Either take a direct flight from Kathmandu via Pokhara to Jomsom and hike for a 7-8 hours via Kagbeni or to trek all the way from Pokhara which takes 7-8 days. It is believed that one should visit this temple after competing pilgrimages of four Dhams in India. This temple is held sacred by Hindus as well as Buddhists. The Jwala Mai temple nearby contains a spring and an eternal flame fed by natural gas underground. Jomsom is a major center in the Annapurna region. There is a world-class accommodation facility in Jomsom from where one can enjoy remarkable natural beauty.
Gosainkunda

One of the most famous pilgrimage destinations of Nepal is Gosainkunda lake which is situated at an altitude of about 4300m. The best approach to Gosainkunda is through Dhunche, 132km to the northeast of Kathmandu. Dhunche is linked with Kathmandu by a motorable road. Surrounded by high mountains on the north and the south, the lake is grand and picturesque. There are other nine famous and nice Lakes such as Saraswati, Bhairav, Sourya, Ganesh Kunda etc.
Devghat

Devghat is a popular pilgrimage spot situated at the confluence of the Kali Gandaki and Trisuli rivers. It lies just north of the Chitwan National Park. During the ‘Maghe Sakranti’ festival in January, devotees gather here to take holy dips in the river. There are a number of scared and historical sites around Devghat which provide interesting side trips: like the Triveni temple and Balmiki ashram where the great sage Balmiki had his retreat, the Someswar Kalika temple and fort, Pandavanag where the protagonists of the Mahabharat once lived and the Kabilaspur fort built by the old kings of Palpa.
Manakamana
This temple place at an altitude of 3900 ft. offer very good views of the Ganesh, Manaslu and Annapurna Himalaya group. Every day hundreds make the journey to worship at Manakamana Bhagwati Mandir. During Nag Panchami, in late July or early August, devotees construct an entire shrine out of flowers and foliage. Visiting Manakamana is a very Nepali thing to do, and even if you don't sacrifice a goat you'll feel like you've received an initiation into the Nepali society.
Dolakha Bhimsen
In the upper part of Dolakha Township lies the temple of Bhimeshwar, popularly known as Dolakha Bhimsen. The people of Dolakha regard Bhimeswar as their supreme lord. The roofless temple houses a Shiva Linga, underneath which is a holy pond. Fairs are held at this temple on such occasions as Bala Chaturdashi, Ram Navami, Chaitra Astami and Bhima Ekadashi. During the Dashain festival, goats are sacrificed here.
Approximately 200 meters from the Bhimeshwar temple is the temple of Tripurasundari where devotees assemble during the festivals of Chaitrastami and Dashian. Only the priest of this temple is allowed a glimpse of the image enshrined within.
Pathibhara
Pathibhara situated at the top of Kutidanda and Haaspokhari in Mechi Highway. This secret region attracts tourists seeking spiritual fulfilment and blessings from the powerfull Pathibhara Devi. Hindus as well as the Buddhists reach the temple for celebrations during special occasions. The trek to Pathibhara Devi (3794 m) combined with the natural and cultural experiences of the region make the visit a unique exhilarating experience. From this hill covered with green forest one can have a view of Terain plains, Mahabharat Range and Mount Kanchanjunga. This place with plenty of transportation facilities seems to have abundant feasibility for Gliding. Thousands of people pay homage to the goddess Pathibhara daily.
Jaleshwar Mahadev
This historic temple of Jaleshwar Mahadev lies in the city of Jaleshwar, the headquaters of Janakpur zone. Jaleshwar Mahadev is one of Nepal’s prominent places of pilgrimage and is mentioned in the Hindu epic, Padam Purana. According to legend, a hermit named Jagadish arrived in the lonesome forest of Jaleshwar and had a dream in which he was directed to conduct excavation at the spot. In accordance with the dream, he began digging and soon found an image of Jaleshwar Mahadev. He then built a temple with some gold, which he brought from a place called Sunukhadagarh.
Just in front of Jaleshwar Mahadev temple there are two sacred ponds, called Barunsar and Kshiresar. During the Ram Navami Bivaha Panchami feativals, thousands of pilgrims assemble at these ponds.
Swargadwari
In the western part of the district of Pyuthan (Rapti Zone) lies Swargadwari, a place of Hindu pilgrimage. Swaragadwari lies almost 26 kilometers south of Khalanga Bazar, the district headquarters of Pyuthan. During the festivals of Baisakh Poornima and Kartik Poornima, when pilgrims from different parts of Nepal and India come to pay homage.
Baglung Kalika
Baglung is famous place for pilgrimage as well where the Kalika Bhagawati temple is one of the most religiously significant places which is located just above north side of Kali Gandaki. The temple is located deep inside the dense forest make peaceful surroundings. Every year tens of thousands of pilgrims visit the temple a. For festive lover every year in Chaitra Astami thousands of devotees from all over Nepal gather there to celebrate the festival. Sporting and cultural program are also held at this time in Baglung Bazar. Baglung Kalika is one of the most worshiped goddess and visited temple.

People and Culture

According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, the total population of Nepal was 26,427,99 in 2007. The population comprises people of more than 100 multiple ethnic groups who speak about 93 different languages and dialects which are further divided into different castes. The distinction in caste still plays a significant part in a Nepali’ life when it comes to marriage.
Some of the main ethnic groups are: Gurungs and Magars who live mainly in the western region; Rais, Limbus and Sunwars who live in the eastern middle hills; Sherpas, Manangbas and Lopas who live near the mountains of Everest, Annapurna and Mustang respectively; Newars who live in and around the Kathmandu valley; Tharus, Yadavas, Satar, Rajvanshis and Dhimals who live in the Tarai region; and Brahmins, Chhetris and Thakuris generally spread over all parts of the country.
Nepali is the official language of the state, spoken and understood by almost all the people of Nepal. English is spoken by many in government and business offices. It is the mode of education in most private schools of Kathmandu and some other cities.

ETH. GROUP ___________ POPULATION
Brahman -------------------------2,896,477
Chhetri --------------------------3,593,496
Magar----------------------------1,662,241
Tharu ----------------------------1,533,879
Tamang --------------------------1,282,304
Newar ---------------------------1,245,232
Rai ------------------------------6,35,151
Gurung --------------------------5,43,571
Limbu ---------------------------3,59,379
Thakuri ------------------------3,34,120
Sherpa ------------------------15,462
Thakali ------------------------12,973
Chepang -----------------------52,237
Raute --------------------------658

Nature

Covering an area of 147,181 sq.km, Nepal shares a border with India in the west, south and east and with the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China in the north. Kanchan Kalan in Jhapa district is the lowest point at 70m above sea level and the summit of Mt. Everest at 8,848 m is the highest. From east to west, Nepal is 800 km long and only 230 km. north to south at its widest. Within this narrow stretch of land there is incredible diversity in topography ranging from a sub-tropical climate in the tarai (plains) to Alpine conditions in the Himalayan regions. Mountains, mid hills, valleys, lakes and plains dominate the landscape of this landlocked country. Eight of the fourteen peaks over eight thousand meters lie in Nepal including Everest, the highest in the world.
Nepal also has an abundance of rivers most of which originate in the Himalaya while some flow down from Tibet. They all flow on to India, many of them joining the holy Ganges. High amid the mountains there are glacial lakes and spectacular valleys where few people venture. Recent physiographic data show that around 4.27 million hectares (29 % of total land area) is made up of forests, 1.56 million hectares (10.6%) of scrubland and degraded forest, 1.7 million hectares
(12%) of grassland, 3.0 million hectares (21%) of farmland and 1.0 million hectares (7%) of un-cultivated land.
Climatic conditions within Nepal vary from one place to another in accordance with the geographical features. In the north, summers are cool and winters severe, while in the south summers are sub-tropical and winters mild. The monsoon that brings rain from June through September affects most of the country except those that lie in the rain-shadow areas like Mustang which is within Nepal but a part of the Tibetan plateau. Large tracts of forested land have been preserved as national parks and wildlife reserves where endangered species like the Royal Bengal tiger and the Greater one-horned rhinoceros roam freely along with an amazing variety of mammals and reptiles that include bear, leopards, hyenas, wild boar, wild elephants, monitor lizards, crocodiles, pythons, turtles and various species of insects and birds. Nepal is home to almost 10 percent of the world's bird species among which 500 species are found in the Kathmandu valley alone.
The most abundant natural resource in Nepal is water. Much of the rivers have been harnessed for hydro-power but they also play a crucial role in tourism as most of them are suitable for adventure sports like kayaking and rafting.
The Himalayas are not merely a source of revenue through mountaineering and trekking, they are also mined for quartz, lignite, copper, cobalt and iron ore. The scenic beauty of the countryside attracts hordes of trekkers while there seems to be an ever increasing number of mountaineers attempting to climb the hundreds of peaks that have been opened for climbing.

UNESCO World Heritage Natural Sites
CHITWAN NATIONAL PARK
Nepal's first and most famous national park is situated in the Chitwan Doon or the lowlands of the Inner Terai. Covering an area of 932 sq km. the park includes hilly areas of the Siwalik Range covered by deciduous sal forest. One fifth of the park is made up of the floodplains of the Narayani, Rapti, and the Reu Rivers and is covered by dense tall elephant grass interspersed with riverine forests of silk cotton (kapok), acacia and sisam trees. This ecologically diverse area is the last remaining home in Nepal for more than 300 of the endangered Asian one-horned rhinoceros and harbours one of the largest populations of the elusive and rare Bengal tiger. Besides rhino and tiger, Chitwan also supports a great variety of flora and fauna. There are four species of deer, including the spotted chittal, leopard, sloth bear, wild boar, rhesus monkey, grey langur monkey, wild dog, small wild cats, the white stockinged gaur (the world's largest wild cattle) and many other smaller animals. The swampy areas and numerous oxbow lakes of Chitwan provide a home for marsh crocodiles. In a stretch of the Narayani river is found one of the few remaining populations of the rare and endangered fish-only eating gharial, or Gangetic crocodile. Here also is found one of the world's four species of freshwater dolphins. For the ornithologist and the amateur bird-watcher the park offers excellent possibilities with more than 450 species recorded. Some of the resident specialities are several species of woodpeckers, hornbills, Bengal florican, and red-headed trogons. Winter birds such as waterfowl, Brahminy duck, pintails and bareheaded geese, amongst many other cold weather visitors are drawn by the sanctuary of the park's rivers. In the summer the forest is alive with nesting migrants such as the fabulous paradise flycatcher, the Indian pitta and parakeets.

SAGARMATHA NATIONAL PARK ( Mt. Everest )
Unique among natural heritage sites world-wide is the Sagarmatha National Park, which includes Mt. Everest (8,848 m) and other high peaks such as Lhotse Shar, Cho Oyu, Ama Dablam, Pumori, Kangtega, Gyachung Kang, Thamserku and Kwangde. Located North-east of Kathmandu, Sagarmatha National Park is 1,148 sq km. in area and consists of the upper catchment areas of the Dudh Koshi, Bhote Koshi and the Imja Khola rivers. Much of the park lies above 3,000m. Sagarmatha is rugged, with deep gorges, glaciers and unnegotiable ice and rock faces. Locally known as the 'Khumbu', it is the home of the famous Sherpa people. The Sherpas make a living by farming barley and potatoes and graze their yaks in high altitude pastures. Young Sherpas have also made their name in mountaineering and the trekking industry has of late become the community's economic mainstay. In 1979 the park was declared a World Heritage Site.
Trees such as rhododendron, birch, blue pine, juniper and silver fir are found up to an altitude of 4,000 meters above which they give way to scrub and alpine plants. In late spring and summer, the hillsides around the villages of Namche Bazaar, Khumjung, Thyangboche and Thame are a riot of colours with several species of rhododendon in bloom. Wildlife most likely to be seen in Sagarmatha are the Himalaya tahr, ghoral, musk deer, pikka (mouse hare) weasel and occasionally jackal. Other rarely seen animals are Himalayan black bear, wolf, lynx and snow leopard. Birds commonly seen are Impeyan pheasant, blood pheasant, snow cock, snow pigeon, red billed and yellow billed chough, Himalayan griffin vulture and lammergeier.

DESTINATION

>>Popular Cities
The capital city, Kathmandu is enriched with temples more than homes and festivals exceeding the number of days in a year. The whole valley with its seven heritage sites has been enlisted in cultural World Heritage Site list. The place, which blends cultural vigor with modern facilities possible on earth is place liked by tourists been here. The place has more to offer and it is not only administrative capital of the country but to the fullest extend capital of traditional culture and physical resources. Three Durbar Squares - Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur, Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath, Swoyambhunath and Changunarayan are the places most revered by the Kathmanduities and whole world.
Kathmandu is not big when one compares it to other cities in South Asia. Kathmandu is a fascinating old city today where pagodas, narrow cobbled lanes, old carved windows, and stone shrines are backdrops to the drama of life that continues unhindered. Here the experiences are amazing, views fascinating, and the climate charming.
There are living Goddesses whose smiles are a benediction. There are reincarnate Lamas who foresee the future with a roll of dice and scriptural reference. There are walks that lead the adventurous to legendary places where ogres once lived. There are hidden gardens behind palaces yet unseen and courtyards where miracles happen, and a city the Buddha visited.
The natural beauty of Pokhara in Midwestern Nepal is simply bewitching. Forming the backdrop are the spectacular Annapurna Mountains with the magnificent fish-tailed Machhapuchhre dominating the scene. Adding to Pokhara's enchantment are the three serene lakes of Phewa, Rupa and Begnas. Lumbini, in the southwest, is the birthplace of Lord Buddha and a World Heritage Site. An inscription on the Ashoka Pillar identifies the Sacred Garden as the place where the Buddha was born. Lumbini has a number of artistic temples and monasteries built through international support.
UNESCO recalls Chitwan as one of the few remaining undisturbed vestiges of the 'Terai' region, which formerly extended over the foothills of India and Nepal at the foot of the Himalayas. The Chitwan National Park has been enlisted in natural World Heritage Site. It has a particularly rich flora and fauna. One of the last populations of single-horned Asiatic rhinoceros lives in the park, which is also one of the last refuges of the Bengal tiger.
Parks and Reserves
Nepal has nine National Parks, three Wildlife Reserves, three Conservation Areas and one Hunting Reserve. About 15,000 square kilometers amounting to almost 18 percent of the total area is protected. This is an amazing commitment to conservation.

Shey-Phoksundo National Park
Kanchenjunga Conservation Area

Sagarmatha National Park
Annapurna Conservation Area

Makalu Barun National Park
Shukla Phant Wildlife Reserve

Chitwan National Park
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve

Langtang National Park
Koshi-Tappu Wildlife Reserve

Shivapuri National Park
Manaslu Conservation Area

Khaptad National Park
Parsa Wildlife Reserve

Rara National Park
Bardia National Park

>>Pilgrimage Sites
Nepal has several ancient pilgrimage sites. Each temple is attached to a legend or belief that glorifies the miraculous powers of its deity. Kathmandu Valley is home to the famous Pashupatinath Temple, Swayambhu Stupa and several other famous temples. Hundreds of famous temples are located in and around the Kathmandu Valley. Some well-known pilgramage sites are: Baraha Chhetra, Halesi Mahadev, Janakpur, Pathibhara, Tengboche in East Nepal; Manokamana, Gorkha, Lumbini, Muktinath, Gosainkunda, Tansen, Kathmandu Valley in Central Nepal; and Swargadwari, Khaptad Ashram in West Nepal. Pashupatinath, Swoyambhunath, and Boudhanath are the sites that are also listed in the UNESCO Heritage Sites.
Nepal is also the Gateway to Kailash Mansarovar, the mythical abode of Lord Shiva. Devotees from various parts of Nepal and India throng the temples during special festivals. Even though weak infrastructure renders some places hard to reach, efforts are being made on national level to develop and promote some popular sites.
Pilgrimage sites of Nepal like Muktinath and Gosainkunda make popular trekking destinations. Tours to these sites are encouraged for the novelty they provide in terms of nature and culture.

Pashupatinath, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is the holiest Hindu destination in Nepal.

Swoyambhunath is believed to have been established more than 2,500 years ago.

Janaki Temple dedicated to Janaki (Sita in Ramayana).

New Tourism Destination

>>Langtang
Langtang in Rasuwa district is known for fascinating valleys, icy lakes and close-up views of mountains. One of the most satisfying short treks available in the Himalayan region, it’s within easy reach from Kathmandu valley. This is the only major trek that takes off from Kathmandu valley itself. The Langtang valley is a land of spectacular alpine scenery and a place of unique culture and traditions. At least a week of trekking is required but trekkers are advised to take more time acclimatization by adding a few days to their itinerary. Buses go up to Syabrubesi from Kathmandu, a 6-8 hour journey depending on road conditions. Kyangjin Gompa is a very popular monastery in this region and was built many centuries ago. Above Kyangjin is the viewpoint of Tsergo Ri which allows superb views of the valley all the way to Ganja La. Langtang Lirung (7,245m) and Dorge Lakpa (6,989m) are the major peaks seen from here. The Gosaikunda lake is an important pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Buddhists. On the way are encountered hillsides covered with rhododendron and there are great views of mountains from the lake. The Langtang valley was declared a National Park in1976 and is the second largest in Nepal covering an area of 1,700 sq. km.
>>Dolpa
Dolpa or Dolpo was popularized by the film “Caravan” which showcases the extraordinary untouched beauty of the region. It is remote and fascinating, confined by the Dhaulagiri range in the south and east, the mountains Sisne and Kanjiroba in the west and Tibet towards the north. Lake Phoksundo with its turquoise waters is the major attraction in Dolpa. The people of Dolpa generally settle at altitudes of 3,660m to 4,070 m and these are probably the highest settlements in the world. Closely linked with Tibet, these people speak Tibetan and have strong Mongoloid features. There are 130 gompas in Dolpa which speaks volumes for the religious nature of its inhabitants.
>>Lumbini
Lumbini is the birthplace of Lord Buddha and a World Heritage Site. This pilgrimage site in southwest Nepal attracts devout Buddhists from around the world, who arrive to pay homage at the Sacred Garden where the ‘Enlightened One’ was born. A famous landmark is the Ashoka Pillar raised by the great Emperor who converted to Buddhism. Today Lumbini has been enlivened by the multitude of architecturally beautiful temples, stupas and monasteries built by various international Buddhist communities.
Birth place of Lord Buddha
Lumbini is hallowed ground as Shakyamuni Buddha was born here in southern Nepal more than twenty-five hundred years ago. As a sacred birthplace, it is an important pilgrimage site for Buddhists from around the globe. Many excavations have taken place here around this small town in the southern Terai plains of Nepal. Ruins of the old city are clearly visible and many artifacts were unearthed during the excavation. Shakyamuni Buddha was born a prince to the ruler of the little principality. Important landmarks are the Maya Devi temple and the Ashoka pillar. The remains of many ancient stupas and monasteries can be found in the surroundings of Lumbini The Ashoka pillar is said to have been erected by the Indian Emperor Ashoka in 250 BC and bears an inscription confirming this as the birth place of the Buddha. A stone image of Maya Devi giving birth to Lord Buddha as she holds onto a branch is seen in the Maya Devi temple. The belief that touching it will render a woman fertile has led to erosion as thousands of hands have stroked it.

Other Popular Areas

Nature has bestowed Nepal an amazing diversity in terms of topography besides the people and climate. Within a distance of a mere 150 km. the land rises from as low as a 100 m above sea level to the pinnacle of the Earth, Mt. Everest rising 8,848m into the sky. Within that short distance the climate amazingly changes from sub-tropical to arctic conditions. In between are hills and valleys covered in greenery, where people are fond of going to escape the heat of the low lying areas. Some of the popular hill stations are Nagarkot, Dhulikhel, Kakani, Daman, Bandipur, Tansen, Hile, Basantapur amongst others.
Nagarkot
Talk about scenic spots in the vicinity of Kathmandu and you can not help but think of Nagarkot. Located 32 kilometers east of Kathmandu, it is the most popular destination for mountain viewing. Add to that, spectacular sunrise views of the Himalaya and you have a winner. Take the option of an overnight stay in one of the numerous well-furnished resorts in Nagarkot to catch the breathtaking sunrise early the next morning instead of waking up in the middle of the night to drive there still half-asleep. Nagarkot is famous for its unmatched view of the mountains from Mount Everest in the east to the Annapurnas towards the west. It also offers an excellent view of the Indrawati river valley to the east. At 2,195 m, the panoramic view of the mountains and valley below is truly unforgettable. If you visit Nepal during the spring then you’re in for a special experience in Nagarkot as the surrounding valley is covered in a rich kaleidoscope of brilliantly colored flowers. You’ll love the short hikes and picnics around this hill station that can be arranged anytime. For those who yearn for adventure but don’t want to lose too much sweat, Nagarkot and it surroundings is the place. Explore nature's wonders in the form of verdant forests, flowery meadows, the unusual rock formations and oh yes, indulge in gazing endlessly at the sparkling mountains in the distance.
Dhulikhel
There is no dearth of view-points in Nepal, and Dhulikhel (1,550m) competes with Nagarkot in terms of scenic views and relaxation. But Dhulikhel has an ancient town which Nagarkot does not have. 32 km east of Kathmandu, just off the Arniko Highway (The road to Tibet), Dhulikhel is easily accessible and boasts of a good number of well-established resorts with superb panoramic views of the Himalaya. The town is distinctively Newari as the architecture of the little temples and dwellings will tell you. Dhulikhel is ideally placed for embarking on a short hike to Namobuddha, where you will find a small stupa and monastery. It is famous as the spot where a bodhisattva offered his own flesh to save a starving tigress and her cub. Well worth a visit is the little charming village of Panauti, popular for its numerous temples with magnificent woodcarvings, not far from Dhulikhel.
Kakani
Drive two hours north-west of Kathmandu and you arrive at the scenic spot of Kakani (2,073m) with views of Ganesh Himal, the Annapurnas and the Dhaulagiri range. There is an unimpeded view of the valley that sweeps down to the Trishuli River far below. There is a feeling of release and relaxation as you let your eyes take in the vast expanse of emptiness that stretches before you to meet the distant mountains. Go there in late winter or spring and there will be rhododendrons growing wild on the mountain slopes. A restaurant on the hilltop is the ideal place to while away your time.
Daman
There was a time when every traveler who entered Kathmandu valley by road, passed through Daman (2,322m) enjoying the marvelous view of the snow-capped mountains. Though less frequented by tourists, Daman arguably has the most breathtaking panoramic view of the Himalaya that stretches from the far west of Dhaulagiri to the east of Mt. Everest. You can still enter or leave Kathmandu valley via Daman by traveling along the old Tribhuvan Rajpath (the first highway into the valley) which separates from the present highway from Naubise. Daman is 80 km south-west of Kathmandu and perched on a high ridge. There is a viewing tower within the Daman Mountain Resort fitted with a long range telescope and there are excellent walks around Daman especially along the Palung valley.
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
For bird watching one need not look elsewhere. Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve in the eastern tarai close to Itahari attracts a large number of migratory birds. Established in 1976 to protect the grassland and islands in the floodplains of Sapta Koshi River, it is also the last habitat of the Arna (wild water buffalo). Bird watchers arrive here in search of the beautiful Bengal florican and the flamboyant sarus cranes. More than 440 species of birds have been recorded here including those that arrive from Siberia and Tibet around November to February. The reserve is also home to wild boar, jackals, pythons and crocodiles. The endangered Gangetic dolphins are seen occasionally when they surface in the river. A park fee is charged for entering the reserve.
Getting there:
The easiest means of getting there is by air to Biratnagar and by road from the airport to Koshi Tappu. The reserve in not far from the Mahendra Highway and there are buses from Itahari going in.
Accommodation
There are a few resorts within the reserve that will arrange transport, lodging and excursions in the area.

THINGS TO DO

>>Mountaineering
Nepal first came into world focus when Tenzing Norgay Sherpa of Nepal and Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand conquered Mt. Everest in 1953. Ever since, there have been countless expeditions heading off to the Himalayas. With eight of world’s highest peaks within Nepal’s boundaries, there is tremendous interest in the Nepal Himalaya. Most of the peaks over 8000m high were conquered during the Golden Decade of Climbing in the 1950s. Climbing by then had become a national affair with various nations vying with each other to be the first to climb. Today it is all about breaking records. There are some 326 peaks in Nepal open for mountaineering today.
Climbing permits for peaks in the Nepal Himalayas are issued for all seasons by the Mountaineering Section of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation. The requisite official documents must be furnished when seeking permission to climb. Around 121 peaks do not require liaison officers for expedition while the rest must be accompanied by one.
Climbing gear and equipments can be bought or rented in Kathmandu or the whole expedition can be handled by mountaineering and trekking agencies. All logistics are taken care of by these agencies including gear, food, transportation, guide and porter services. They also arrange for insurance coverage. Always choose an agency that has a good track record.
>>Trekking
Trekking is by far Nepal’s biggest attraction. Pioneered by Col. Jimmy Roberts in the early 1960s, most tourists embark on some trek or the other and many do multiple treks before heading back home. Some arrive each year to do a different trek each time. A trek is also the best means of seeing the country and to understand its people. Walking through emerald rice fields; through rhododendron forests; crossing streams, camping out on a hilltop in the wilderness with towering mountains in the background, make trekking an unforgettable experience.
One can also do pony treks in some remote places, which is equally enthralling for visitors. Pony treks are offered mostly in western region of Pokhara, Dolpo and Lo Manthang (Mustang).
The two most popular treks are the Everest Base Camp Trek and the Around Annapurna also known as the Annapurna Circuit as it goes right around the Annapurna range. There are many different treks offered in the Everest and Annapurna regions. Other popular regions are the Langtang valley, Helambu, Makalu, Manaslu, Kanchenjunga and the Arun Valley. Another popular destination in the Everest region is the Gokyo valley.
Nepal is world renowned trekking country around the world. it has some exotic world calss trekking routes.
Everest Regions
• Everest Expedition Route
• Instant Everest
• The Khumbu Traverse
Annapurna Region
• Annapurna Panorama
• Jomsom Trek
• Annapurna Sanctuary
• Around Annapurna
• The Royal Trek
• Trek to the Kingdom of Mustang
Central Nepal
• Langtang and Gosainkund Trek
• Jugal Himal
• Around Manaslu
Eastern Nepal
• East of Everest
• Kanchenjunga South Base Camp
• Makalu Base Camp
Restricted Nepal ( Tourist are restricted to visit these places without prior approval from authorities.)
• Trek to the Kingdom of Mustang
• Around Manaslu
• Humla to Mt Kailas
>>Rafting
For adventure seekers, rafting is the perfect way for an extended adventure on the river to get your adrenaline pumping to a new high. Nepal has some of the best rivers for rafting. Rafting trips for some is the highlight of their stay in Nepal. The waters in Nepal offer something for everybody: Grade 5-5+ rivers with raging white water rapids for the adventurous, to Grade 2-3 rivers with a few rapids for novices. Rafters also have a choice ranging from two to three day trips to trips of two or three weeks. Paddling is a fun way to enjoy the trip as well as bonding with fellow rafters.
A typical day in the river begins early morning when rafters arrive at the put-in point. The river guide begins with instructions on safety and emergencies before everyone is given life vests and helmets. This is a must for safety on the river at all times. Lunch on some white sandy beach around mid-day is fun. The best time for rafting is from October through mid-December and March to early May. In winter the water is cold and during the monsoons months from June through September, the white water sections are dangerous, but gentler stretches are easy to raft on.
Nepal is a river runner's paradise - no other country has such a choice of multi-day trips, away from roads, in such magnificent mountain surroundings, with warm rivers, a semi tropical climate, impressive geography, exotic cultures, wildlife and friendly welcoming people!
But it's not just the rivers - as anyone who has been there will tell you, Nepal is a magnificent holiday in its own right - a fairy tale land of temples, mountains, dramatic festivals, exotic culture, colourful people, medieval villages, superb craft shopping, great food and sights - the bonus is some of the World's best rivers!
Rafting in Nepal is usually a 'wilderness' experience in that most rivers don't have highways alongside them - but it's a soft, tamed, wilderness with white beaches for camping, clean blue rivers, friendly locals and few 'nasties' - someone described it as 'blissful escapism'!
Incredibly inexpensive, Nepal is a peaceful democratic country where rafters and kayakers get a warm welcome as one of the best forms of ecotourism.
White water rafting means cruising down a rushing river in an inflatable rubber raft or white water kayak over crashing waves and swirling rapids for the excitement of a lifetime. Nepal has earned a reputation as one of the best destinations in the world for white water rafting. Nepal's thundering waters, coming from the glaciers of the mighty Himalaya, provide unmatched thrills for rafting and immersing oneself in the landscape. A rafting trip is bound to be the highlight of your stay in the country.
Rivers are graded on a scale of one to six, with one being a swimming pool and six a one-way ticket to your maker. Four is considered to be quite challenging without being exceedingly dangerous to the novice rafter. Five requires some previous river experience.
>>Fetes & Festivals
Everything festive in Nepal traditionally begins with something religious and moves with spontaneous spirit into a pleasant family feast. This is because, for Nepali's, relegion has always influenced and has been the core of Nepali culture.
Most of the festivals celebrated in Nepal are religious. However, they can be generally divided into four sections keeping in mind the main aspects of the festival emphasized:
Religious: These festivals are specially designed to honor a certain god or goddess. For instance, Bada Dashain, the festival of Devi Durga, the universal mother goddess also known as Kali.
Historical: The historical festivals are celebrated to keep alive memories of events of importance. Gaijatra, was introduced by Jaya Prakash Malla.
Agricultural: Since Nepal is an agricultural country there are different festivals like Laxmi Puja which mark the different seasons of harvesting, planting etc.
Seasonal: The different seasonal festivals are celebrated in order to mark the beginning of special seasons. Holi or Fagu is the festival inspired by spring, the season of colours.
Legendary: These festivals are based on legends than on any reliable historical record. Ghantakarna is a festival, which is also based on a legend. It is celebrated as a great relief from the death of a most dreaded legendary monster-Ghantakarna
One of the interesting ways to understand the beauty and richness of Nepali culture is through its festivals. During festivals in Nepal, cultural dances, songs and performances are practiced. These cultural treasures make the festivals interesting and entertaining. People find more joy participating in performances and watching others perform and so, no festivals are idle gatherings. Instead, they are lively and purposeful.
>>Shopping and Souvenirs
“Shop till you drop” should be your motto as Kathmandu is a shoppers’ paradise. The remarkable choices of handicrafts made in Nepal are immensely popular throughout the world. The brilliant workmanship and artistic creations are unique. Much of the handicrafts also carry religious significance and in fact many are meant for religious purposes. Nepal ranks high when it comes to making statues and statuettes of copper, bronze, silver or gold. Exquisite wood carvings are in great demand and entire beds made of carved wood are exported to the west fetching mind boggling prices. Extremely popular and exported regularly are the wood carved windows. Recently products made of rice paper have been quite popular and amazingly a large number of funny hats are exported. Other souvenir pieces are the famous Gurkha knife or Khukuri, prayer wheels, stone carvings, singing bowls, papier–maché masks, thangkas and pauvas, pashmina, carpets, jewelry, etc.
Note :
All handicraft items above 100 years are termed ‘antique’ and taking them out of the country is illegal and a serious offense. But the rest of the handicraft items particularly made of stone, metal and wood or paintings or any handicraft resembling historical artifacts need a clearance certificate from the Department of Archaeology in Kathmandu (near the Supreme Court ) before being exported. Please take the purchase receipt for clearance of the same.
Shopping Malls and Departmental Stores
Nepal is a shopping destination for many tourists and regular travelers. Shopping Malls and Departmental stores have mushroomed and today dominate the Kathmandu skyline. Shopping Malls and Departmental Stores are gaining popularity in other cities as well, like in Biratnagar, Bhairahawa, Pokhara and Nepalgunj. Anything from the latest cell phones, ipods and laptops to electronic appliances, cameras, music systems, kitchenware, branded garments, jewelry, perfumes, watches, toys, fitness equipment and a multitude of household items are all available. Popular shopping areas in Kathmandu are around New Road, Putali Sadak, Kumaripati, Bhatbhateni Lazimpat, Sundhara, Tripureshwor and Jawlakhel. The most popular malls are Bhatbhateni, Blue Bird, Khastamandap, Kathamandu, Namaste, Saleways and Gemini. In Pokhara, the major shopping areas are Lakeside and Mahendrapul bazaar areas among others. Look out for seasonal discounts especially clearance sales and festival discounts which can be as much as 50 %.
>>MOUNTAIN FLIGHTS
The one hour flight takes you within camera range of some of the highest peaks in the world, and cruising this close to the awe-inspiring massifs of rock and ice, is an out-of-this earth experience. The aircraft takes off and heads eastward and almost immediately, the peaks come into view. The first peak that appears on your horizon is the majestic Gosaithan, standing 8,013m tall. To its right, appears Dorje Lhakpa (6,966m), looking like a massive figure of 8, lying prone and covered in snow. To its right is Phurbi Chyachu, which looms over the Kathmandu Valley.
Next on your vision is Choba Bhamare, rather small in this company at 5,933m, but singularly stubborn as it remains unconquered to this day. Then comes Mt. Gaurishanker (7,134m), standing out sharp and conspicuous-Hindus believe that Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati protect this mountain.
As the flight move toward the eastern Himalaya, a succession of majestic mountains follows. Melungtse, with a plateau-like top stand at 7,023m; Chugimago is at 6,297m, and still remains to be scaled. Mt. Numbur stands at 6,956m. Then, Karyolung, a gleaming-white mountain at 6,511m, and Cho-Oyu, the sixth highest in the world at 8,021 m.
The last and most exciting stretch of the journey takes you close to the 7,952m tall Gyanchungkang, which is considered an extremely tough climb. To its right is Pumori at 7,161m and Nuptse at 7,855m. Finally, there is Mt. Everest itself (8,848m), called Sagarmatha by the Nepalese and Chomolungma by the Tibetans. It is an altogether different feeling as one comes face to face with the world's tallest and most enigmatic of mountains. Mountain flights are also conducted from Pokhara.
Helicopters and Aircraft are also available for charter use, especially for group treks and expeditions. STOL (Short Take Off and Landing) airstrips are located throughout the country.
>>ENTERTAINMENT
Nightlife
It's evening, and you are just back from a sight-seeing tour or a delightful shopping binge. So what do you do? Go back to your hotel room? No, Kathmandu is not going to let you off that easily. There are more fun-filled adventures waiting for you, and we'll tell you where to find them. Relax, the night is young yet
Casinos
Over the years, Kathmandu has seen many changes; in people as well as in trends. However, one trend that has remained true over the years is that of South Asians traveling to Kathmandu to play in the Casinos of Nepal.
Gambling has always been a part of South Asian culture. When you look at ancient paintings and text, you see kings and their women playing dice. When you look at holy scriptures, you read of gods and sages gambling.
Kathmandu offers visitors an array of exciting, action-packed casinos where you can enjoy 24 hours of fun and games. There are seven casinos in Kathmandu, all located in the premises of the city's top hotels, which offer your favorite games: poker, baccarat, roulette, pontoon, blackjack, as well as other card games and slot machines. All the games are played in chips and they can be purchased with US dollars or Indian rupees.
Lists of casinos:
Casino Nepal
Hotel Soaltee Crowne Plaza , Tahachal, Kathmandu
Open : 24 hours
Tel : +977 -1-427 0244, 427 1011
Fax : +977-1-427 1244
Email : rdt@mos.com.np
Casino Anna
Hotel de'L Annapurna, Durbar Marg, Kathmandu
Open : 24 hours
Tel : +977 -1-422 8650
Fax : +977-1-422 5228
Email : casanna@mos.com.np
Casino Everest
Hotel Everest, New Baneswore, Kathmandu
Open : 24 hours
Fax : +977-1-449 0288
Email : everest@_mos.com.np
Casino Royale
Hotel Yak & Yeti, Dubar Marg, Kathmandu
Open : 24 hours
Tel : + 977 -1-422 8481, 441 0007
Fax : +977-1-422 3933
Email : royal@mos.com.np
Casino Rad
Hotel Radisson, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
Open : 24 hours
Tel : +977 -1-441 1818
Email : casinorad@mos.com.np
Casino Tara
Hyatt Regency, Boudha, Kathmandu
Open : 24 hours
Tel : +977 -1-449 1234 Ext. 5924
Email : casinotara@mos.com.np
Casino Sangrila
Lazimpat, Kathmandu
Open : 24 hours

Casino Malla
Malla Hotel , Lainchaur, Kathmandu
Open : 24 hours

>>SHOPPING
Shopping in Nepal is easy. With a little money and some time one can obtain the best buys this country has to offer. It will be helpful to have a Nepali for company if a huge shopping project is at hand. Common tourist shopping items include souvenirs and trinkets like gems and jewelry. However, one should be careful while buying jewelry as assessing their quality is difficult. Hand-woven cotton fabric is a popular buy among visitors. Some buy Pashmina that this region is famous for and some also buy fresh tea and spices.
About Souvenir from Nepal »
>>Bunjee Jumping
The ultimate thrill of a Bungee jump can be experienced in Nepal at perhaps the best site in the world. Nepal's first bungee jumping site is situated 160m over the wild Bhote Koshi river, and located close to the Nepal-Tibet border, a three-hour bus ride from Kathmandu.
The jump, at 160m, was designed by one of New Zealand's leading bungee consultants, and is operated by some of the most experienced jump masters in the business. It's mishap-proof. The agency takes safety "very, very seriously".
Location : Eastern Nepal Less than 3 hours from Kathmandu in the Arniko (Kathmandu to Lhasa) Highway to within 12km of the Tibet Border and the famous Friendship Bridge. The Gorge: 166m wide steel suspension bridge over the Bhote Koshi River.
The Bridge : Swiss designed, specially for bungee jumping with a 4x safety factor. The bridge has a loading factor of 250kg per running meter. This means that the bridge will hold 250 x 166 = 41,500kg or 4.5 tones And those are Swiss measurements! * Over 6000 meters of steel wire was used to build the bridge * Longest suspension bridge in Nepal * The bridge joins two sides of a great valley. Before its construction, locals walked five hours to cross this river gorge.

Nepal Tourism Year 2011

The natural scenery, high mountains, incomparable cultural heritage and numerous specialties have made Nepal a well-known destination in the world tourism map with a distinct image of its own. However, the development of tourism is limited in number and within the certain areas of the country only. The new government has shown greater concerns about the real value of tourism and its role in contributing to economic growth, poverty alleviation, equity and overall tourism development in the country.
Therefore, the government is placing high priority on the tourism sector in its new economic development policy. As there is a favorable political situation in the country, the government is all geared towards economic revolution in next 10 years for the up-liftment of the masses. In this connection, government of Nepal in consultation with Nepalese Tourism Industry, concerned organizations and experts decided to launch a national tourism campaign "Nepal Tourism Year 2011". This announcement reflects the government’s anticipation to bring into at least one million international tourists in Nepal by the year 2011 and spread the benefits of tourism to the people at large. The national campaign also indicates the tourism industry’s exigency to organize a tourism promotion campaign having wider impact.
With the glittering badge of adventure destination and the adage “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guests are Gods) that reflects "Atithi Satkar, Nepaliko Sanskar" (Hospitality is Nepalese culture) deeply rooted in our culture, the tourism products of Nepal never cease to mesmerize the visitors. The cultural, geographical, ethnic and bio-diversities of the country allure international visitors to Nepal time and again which truly substantiates the spirit of Nepal tourism brand; ‘Naturally Nepal, once is not enough !
The concept of Nepal Tourism Year 2011 envisions harnessing these opportunities and strengths and bringing together the commitment of the government, expertise and experiences of the organizations like Nepal Tourism Board, aptitude and dynamism of the private sector and communities for further tourism development in the country. Active involvement of the major political parties, members of the Constitution Assembly and Right groups is always taken into consideration in order to make the campaign inclusive and participatory in modus operandi and effective in result. The campaign will also focus on mobilizing the networks of the Non-Resident Nepalis (NRN) communities, Nepalese diplomatic missions abroad, I/NGOs, airlines, and national and international media. Similarly, friends and well-wishers of Nepal, tourism academicians and celebrities will also be approached in order to highlight the campaign internally as well as internationally. This is also called Visit Nepal Year 2011.

Objectives of Campaign:
• Establish Nepal as a choice of premier holiday destination with a definite brand image.
• Improve and extend tourism related infrastructures in existing and new destinations
• Enhance the capacity of service providers.
• Boost community capacity in the new areas to cater the need of the visitors.
• Promote domestic tourism for sustainable growth of the industry.
Campaign Targets:
• Achieve one million international visitors
• Encouraging more investment on tourism infrastructures
Nepaltourism2011.info express its utmost commitment towards this nation building campaign and invites all our partners, guests, friends, colleagues and well wishers to come up and join hand with us by their respective capacity. This is a sheer opportunity to contribute the nation.

Special Notice to Visitors

WEATHER
Nepal ’s weather is generally predictable and pleasant. There are four climatic seasons: March to May (spring), June to August (summer), September to November (autumn) and December to February (winter). The monsoon is approximately from the end of June to the middle of September. About 80 per cent of the rain falls during that period, so the remainder of the year is relatively dry. Spring and autumn are the pleasant seasons; winter temperatures drop to freezing with a high level of snowfall in the mountains. Summer and late spring temperatures range from 28ºC (83ºF) in the hill regions to more than 40ºC (104ºF) in the Terai. In winter, average maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from a brisk 7ºC (45ºF) to a mild 23ºC (74ºF). The Kathmandu valleys experience a minimum temperature often falling bellow freezing point and a chilly 12ºC (54ºF) maximum. Much colder temperatures prevail at higher elevations. The Kathmandu Valley, at an altitude of 1310m (4297ft), has a mild climate, ranging from 19-27ºC (67-81ºF) in summer, and 2-20ºC (36-68ºF) in winter.
Required Clothing
Lightweight and tropical clothes with umbrella are advised for June to August. Between October and March, lightweight clothes are worn in Kathmandu, with a coat for evenings and warm clothing for the mountains.
CURRENCY
The Nepali Rupee (Rs) is divided into 100 paise. Bank notes are for one, two, five, ten, twenty, twenty five, fifty, hundred, two hundred and fifty, five hundred and one thousand rupees.
It is better to carry some money in small denominations. The Indian rupee is like a hard currency. 100 IRs = 160 NRs. However beware, the Indian Rs.500 and Rs.1000 notes are not accepted anywhere in Nepal, as the bills are illegal to possess under the rules prescribed by Nepal Rastra Bank—the central bank of Nepal.
DEBIT/CREDIT CARD TERMINALS
Major credit cards are accepted in Kathmandu Valley and at Pokhara. But elsewhere, you’ll have to do with cash.
There are limited number of terminals where visitors can use wide array of international debit and credit cards. The cards that can be used in Nepal are;
• Visa Electron
• Master Card
• Maestro Card
• Plus
Locally there are two major card network that are in use—Visa Network and SCT network. In Visa Network there are around 83 terminals available whereas in SCT Network there are 136 terminals available inside and outside the organization.
AIRPORT TAX
The Tribhuvan International Airport Tax is NRs.1356 to SAARC countries and NRs.1695 to all other International destinations. Airport Tax for Domestic departures is NRs.170. Nepalese going to SAARC countries are requested to pay NRs.971 and NRs.1130 to all International destinations.
Visa Information
Gratis visa for 30 days is available only for nationals of SAARC countries. However, for extension of visa for SAARC nationals, the rule is same as that of other nationals. Indian nationals do not require visa to enter into Nepal. Nepal provides visa-on-arrival to all the nationals of different countries except the one mentioned below.
The nationals of the following countries are not provided visa-on-arrival and may obtain their visa from Nepalese diplomatic missions located in or near their respective countries prior to arrival in Nepal. The countries are: Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Somalia, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Palestine, Liberia, Swaziland, Ethiopia and Cameroon.
For Indian Nationals:
Indian National Traveling to Nepal must posses any one of the following documents-
1. Passport
2. Driving license with photo
3. Photo Identity card issued by a Government Agency
4. Ration Card with Photo
5. Election Commission Card with Photo
6. Identity Card issued by Embassy of India in Kathmandu

VISA FEE
Single Entry – US $ 30 for 60 days.
Multiple Entries – US $ 50 + US $ 30
VISA EXTENTION FEE
Visa fee will be extended subsequently for 30 days upon payment of US $ 30 for a maximum period of 150 days in Visa year (Jan-Dec)
• Visa can be obtained either at arrival in Nepal or from the Nepalese Embassy or Consulate or other Mission offices abroad.
• One passport size photograph is required.

ENTRY FEES
BOUDHANATH
Foreign Nationals: NRs.100 per person
SAARC Nationals: NRs.20 per person
SWAYAMBHUNATH
Foreign Nationals: NRs.75 per person
SAARC Nationals: NRs.30 per person
BHAKTAPUR
Foreign Nationals: NRs.750 per person
SAARC Nationals: NRs.50 per person
PATAN
Foreign Nationals: Rs.225 per person
SAARC Nationals: Rs.25 per person

BEST TIME TO VISIT NEPAL
The peak tourist season extends from late September until the end of November when the post monsoon air is clear and when neither the Terai is too hot nor the trekking regions too cold. December, January and early February are the coldest months, during which the temperature can drop below 0 degree around Kathmandu and snow can limit trekking opportunities.

PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography in Nepal is inexpensive as film can be bought cheaply and film processing is also done cheaply and within a few hours. Fees have to be paid for taking photographs in certain restricted areas and locations such as the zoo or certain museums. However, in many temples and museums photography is totally banned. Shooting in high altitudes requires filters to counter the harsh and blue light. A fee of US $ 1000 to US $ 1500 in case of a feature film and US$ 100 to US$ 500 in case of other documentary films must be paid to the Government. Permission is required for filming anywhere in Nepal. The Ministry of Communication located at Singha Durbar should be contacted for filming within Nepal. The filming has to be carried out under the supervision of a liaison officer appointed by the government. A sum of Rs.1500 must be paid to the Royal Nepal Film Corporation in case of a feature film and Rs.800 for other types of filming. The filming company must take out an insurance policy in favour of the liaison officer. Filming is possible within the national parks and conservation areas.

GETTING AROUND IN NEPAL
By Air
Besides being a more comfortable and time saving way of getting around Nepal, Nepal's domestic network includes some of the most spectacular and remote airstrips in the world.
There are 44 airports in the country, almost all the major towns being served by air. All the airplanes flying in Nepal are piloted by skilled and experienced hands. Major Domestic Airlines includes Nepal Airlines, Buddha Air, Yeti Airlines, Cosmic Air, Gorkha Air, Agni Air etc.
By Bus
Luxury bus services, which are extremely comfortable and much faster, are available for Pokhara and Chitwan. These tourist buses depart from central Kathmandu. Most buses from Kathmandu to other parts of Nepal leave from the Gongabu Bus Park located on the Ring Road on the north side of the town. Some buses leave from the old bus park near Tudikhel and others from Gaushala near Pashupatinath. It is advisable to purchase the tickets in advance
By Car Hiring
A relatively expensive, but comfortable option is hiring a car or Land Rover to get around Nepal. Land Rovers for long or short-distance trips can be found in front of the Mt. Makalu Hotel near New Road. The rates are negotiable. Much cheaper than the Land Rovers, you can hire a taxi.

INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES FLYING INTO NEPAL
Nepal Airlines Corporation (NAC), Qatar Airways, Thai Airways, Indian Airlines, Pakistan Int’l Airlines, Bangladesh Biman, China Southwest, Druk Airlines, Aeroflat Russian Airlines, Air France, Air India, British Airways, Dragon Air Hongkong, Evo Air, Gulf Air, Japan Airlines, Jet Airways, Korean Air, Lauda Air, Malaysia Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Philippine Airlines, Royal Brunei Airlines, Royal Dutch Airlines, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Sri Lankan Airlines, Etihad Airlines (UAE).